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George Edwin Taylor
George Edwin Taylor (4 August 1857 - 23 December 1925) was a Black American who was the candidate of the National Negro Liberty Party for the office of president of the United States in 1904. He was born in Little Rock, Arkansas to Amanda Hines and Nathan Taylor (a slave). When the State of Arkansas passed the Free Negro Expulsion Act in 1859, Hines took infant George to Alton, Illinois. Hines died of Tuberculosis in 1861 or 1862. In 1865, at age 8, orphaned George arrived in La Crosse, Wisconsin where he attended school and obtained early experiences as a journalist and labor/political activist. In 1891 Taylor left Wisconsin for Oskaloosa, Iowa where he published a weekly newspaper, the ''Negro Solicitor''. In the 1890s, Taylor transitioned from Independent Republican to Democrat. In 1892, he was founder and president of the National Colored Men’s Protection League and in 1900 was president of the National Negro Democratic League, the Negro Bureau within the National Democratic Party. In 1904, Taylor joined the National Negro Liberty Party as its candidate for the office of president of the United States. He reconnected with the Democratic Party after the failure of his 1904 election campaign. Taylor married three times: Mary Hall of Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin; Cora Cooper Buckner of Oskaloosa, Iowa; and Marion Tillinghast of Green Cove Springs, Florida. He owned/edited two newspapers (''Wisconsin Labor Advocate'' of La Crosse, Wisconsin and ''Negro Solicitor'' of Oskaloosa and Ottumwa, Iowa) and was editor of the Black Star edition of ''Florida Times-Union'' of Jacksonville, Florida, the largest newspaper in Florida at the beginning of the twentieth century. Taylor was a Mason, a community organizer, and a supporter of Free Silver and Anti-Imperialism. He was a popular and humorous speaker. He died in Jacksonville, Florida. The only known biography of Taylor is ''For Labor, Race, and Liberty: George Edwin Taylor, his historic run for the White House, and the making of Independent Black Politics'', by Bruce L. Mouser (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012).
==Early life==
George Edwin Taylor was born the free Black son of Amanda Hines, a free Black, and Nathan Taylor, a slave, in Little Rock, Arkansas on 4 August 1857. The precise statuses of Hines and Taylor are unknown. In 1859, Arkansas enacted a Free Negro Expulsion Bill which required all free Blacks to leave the state or be seized, and, if they refused to leave after one year, be sold as slaves.〔http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=4430.〕 Amanda Hines took infant George to Alton, Illinois, which was an antebellum center of the Underground Railroad〔Elijah Parish Lovejoy〕 on the Mississippi River and a major river port for the Union military once the Civil War began in 1861. Hines died from Tuberculosis in 1861 or 1862. George later claimed that he, an orphan, lived in storehouse boxes in Alton during the war years.〔''Lincoln Evening News'', 5 September 1904; ''Voice of the Negro'', October 1904.〕
A month after the war ended in 1865, at age 8, George landed at the docks of La Crosse, Wisconsin on board the ''Hawkeye State'', a steam side-paddle wheeler that operated between St. Paul, Minnesota and St. Louis, Missouri. Taylor remained in La Crosse for two or three years. During those years he was known as George Southall and likely lived with the family of Henry Southall,〔Mouser, ''Black La Crosse'', 38-39, 81. Available online at http://murphylibrary.uwlax.edu/digital/lacrosse/blackLaCrosse/.〕 a Black cook who worked on paddle wheelers. In 1867 or 1868, the Southalls moved from La Crosse, and George, at age 10 or 11, remained in La Crosse. A La Crosse County court judge intervened and fostered him to a Black family, Nathan Smith and his wife Sarah, who provided care for some of the county’s orphaned or abandoned children and who lived near West Salem, Wisconsin, twelve kilometers east of La Crosse. Taylor remained fostered to Smith until he reached the age of 20.〔Mouser, “Taylor and Smith: Benevolent Fosterage,” 1-3.〕 During this period, George took the name of George Edward Taylor. He attended a country school near his home.
At age 20, Taylor enrolled at Wayland University in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, where he remained for two years (1877-1879). He studied a classical curriculum that emphasized grammar, language, and rhetoric. Taylor left Wayland before completing his three-year curriculum for health and financial reasons.〔Mouser, “George Edwin Taylor: Leaving his mark,” ''Greetings'' (July 2010), 14-19 (Internet access at http://www.wayland.org/files/4912/9961/2797/Emotions_Commencement.pdf ).〕
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